1/7/2024 0 Comments Taurine deficiency in humans![]() Serine dehydratase converts serine to 2-aminoacrylate, which is converted to cysteic acid by 3′-phosphoadenylyl sulfate:2-aminoacrylate C- sulfotransferase. Ī pathway for taurine biosynthesis from serine and sulfate is reported in microalgae, developing chicken embryos, and chick liver. ![]() Hypotaurine is then oxidized to taurine as described above. The cystathionine is then converted to hypotaurine by the sequential action of three enzymes: cystathionine gamma-lyase, cysteine dioxygenase, and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase. Taurine is also produced by the transsulfuration pathway, which converts homocysteine into cystathionine. Hypotaurine is enzymatically oxidized to yield taurine by hypotaurine dehydrogenase. Cysteine sulfinic acid, in turn, is decarboxylated by sulfinoalanine decarboxylase to form hypotaurine. In this pathway, cysteine is first oxidized to its sulfinic acid, catalyzed by the enzyme cysteine dioxygenase. ![]() Mammalian taurine synthesis occurs in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. Taurine is naturally derived from cysteine. In the laboratory, taurine can be produced by alkylation of ammonia with bromoethanesulfonate salts. Most of these enterprises employ the ethanolamine method to produce a total annual production of about 3,000 tonnes. As of 2010, China alone has more than 40 manufacturers of taurine. In 1993, about 5,000–6,000 tonnes of taurine were produced for commercial purposes: 50% for pet food and 50% in pharmaceutical applications. A direct approach involves the reaction of aziridine with sulfurous acid. Synthetic taurine is obtained by the ammonolysis of isethionic acid (2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid), which in turn is obtained from the reaction of ethylene oxide with aqueous sodium bisulfite. The sulfonic acid has a low p K a ensuring that it is fully ionized to the sulfonate at the pHs found in the intestinal tract. Taurine exists as a zwitterion H 3N +CH 2CH 2SO − 3, as verified by X-ray crystallography. Taurine concentrations in land plants are low or undetectable, but up to 1,000 nmol/g wet weight have been found in algae. Taurine is used as a food additive for cats, dogs, and poultry. Taurine is commonly sold as a dietary supplement, but there is no good clinical evidence that taurine supplements provide any benefit to human health. Īlthough taurine is abundant in human organs with diverse putative roles, it is not an essential dietary nutrient and is not included among nutrients with a recommended intake level. It was discovered in human bile in 1846 by Edmund Ronalds. Taurine is named after Latin taurus ( cognate to Ancient Greek ταῦρος, taûros) meaning bull or ox, as it was first isolated from ox bile in 1827 by German scientists Friedrich Tiedemann and Leopold Gmelin. It is a major constituent of bile and can be found in the large intestine, and accounts for up to 0.1% of total human body weight. ![]() Hypertension Oral taurine Taurine deficiency.Taurine ( / ˈ t ɔː r iː n/), or 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is a non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid that is widely distributed in animal tissues. Future studies are needed to establish the effects of oral taurine supplementation on targeted pathologies and the optimal supplementation doses and periods. These preliminary findings suggest that ingestion of taurine at the stated doses and supplementation periods can reduce blood pressure to a clinically relevant magnitude, without any adverse side effects. These results translated to mean ~ 3 mmHg reductions in both SBP (range = 0-15 mmHg) and DBP (range = 0-7 mmHg) following a range of doses (1 to 6 g/day) and supplementation periods (1 day to 12 weeks), with no adverse events reported. There were seven peer-reviewed studies meeting the inclusion criteria, encompassing 103 participants of varying age and health statuses. A search was performed using various databases in May 2018 and later screened using search criteria for eligibility. However, these investigations have been conducted across a number of decades and populations and have not been collectively reviewed. There is growing evidence that taurine deficiency is associated with hypertension and that oral supplementation can have antihypertensive effects in humans. ![]() The aims of this meta-analysis were to investigate the effects of orally administered isolated taurine on resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in humans. ![]()
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